India’s approved 2031-2035 Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) targets a 47% reduction in emissions intensity, 60% non-fossil electricity capacity, and a 3.5-4 billion tonne carbon sink. While demonstrating policy stability, these goals are criticized as incremental rather than transformative, potentially merely formalizing existing trends. Challenges remain, including absolute emission increases, continued coal dependence, and a need for USD 300 billion in climate finance by 2030 to ensure a credible net-zero pathway.
